Comparing effective temperatures in standard, Tsallis, and q-dual statistics from transverse momentum spectra of identified light charged hadrons produced in gold–gold collisions at RHIC energies

Ting-Ting Duan; Pei-Pin Yang; Peng-Cheng Zhang; Hai-Ling Lao; Fu-Hu Liu; Khusniddin K. Olimov

doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05853-1

2024 Impact factor 2.9

EPJ PLUS - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems

Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2024) 139: 1069
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05853-1

Regular Article

Comparing effective temperatures in standard, Tsallis, and q-dual statistics from transverse momentum spectra of identified light charged hadrons produced in gold–gold collisions at RHIC energies

Ting-Ting Duan¹, Pei-Pin Yang², Peng-Cheng Zhang¹, Hai-Ling Lao³, Fu-Hu Liu¹^a and Khusniddin K. Olimov⁴^,5^b

¹ State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, China
² Department of Physics, Xinzhou Normal University, 034000, Xinzhou, China
³ Department of Science Teaching, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, 102442, Beijing, China
⁴ Laboratory of High Energy Physics, Physical-Technical Institute of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Chingiz Aytmatov Str. 2b, 100084, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
⁵ Department of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology MISIS (NUST MISIS), Almalyk Branch, 110105, Almalyk, Uzbekistan

^a fuhuliu@163.com, fuhuliu@sxu.edu.cn
^b khkolimov@gmail.com, kh.olimov@uzsci.net

Received: 8 July 2024
Accepted: 16 November 2024
Published online: 5 December 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the transverse momentum ( $p_{T}$ $$p_T$$ ) spectra of identified light charged hadrons produced in gold–gold (Au+Au) collisions across various centrality classes at center-of-mass energies per nucleon pair, $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ , ranging from 7.7 to 200 GeV, as measured by the STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The analysis employs standard (Bose-Einstein/Fermi-Dirac), Tsallis, and q-dual statistics to fit the same $p_{T}$ $$p_T$$ spectra and derive distinct effective temperatures: $T_{Standard}$ $T_{\text {Standard}}$ , $T_{Tsallis}$ $T_{\text {Tsallis}}$ , and $T_{q-dual}$ $T_{\text {q-dual}}$ . In most instances, there exists an approximately linear relationship or positive correlation between $T_{Tsallis}$ $T_{\text {Tsallis}}$ and $T_{Standard}$ $T_{\text {Standard}}$ , as well as between $T_{q-dual}$ $T_{\text {q-dual}}$ and $T_{Standard}$ $T_{\text {Standard}}$ , when considering $T_{Standard}$ $T_{\text {Standard}}$ as a baseline. However, while both $T_{Tsallis}$ $T_{\text {Tsallis}}$ and $T_{q-dual}$ $T_{\text {q-dual}}$ increase from semi-central to central Au+Au collisions at 62.4 GeV and 200 GeV, where QGP is expected, changes in $T_{Standard}$ $T_{\text {Standard}}$ occur more gradually. This work suggests that $T_{Standard}$ $T_{\text {Standard}}$ is better suited for characterizing phase transitions between hadronic matter and QGP compared to $T_{Tsallis}$ $T_{\text {Tsallis}}$ or $T_{q-dual}$ $T_{\text {q-dual}}$ , primarily due to the considerations related to entropy index in the Tsallis and q-dual statistics.

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Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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