https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-03191-8
Regular Article
Investigation of the freeze-out parameters in B–B, O–O, Ca–Ca and Au–Au collisions at 39 GeV
1
School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
2
Theoretical Physics Center for Science Facilities, Institute of High Energy Physics, 100049, Beijing, China
3
Institute of Theoretical Physics, State key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
4
Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Mardan, Pakistan
5
College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, 346, Ajman, UAE
6
Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, 346, Ajman, UAE
Received:
29
December
2021
Accepted:
12
August
2022
Published online:
9
September
2022
We analyzed the transverse momentum spectra of proton, deuteron and triton in Boron–Boron, Oxygen–Oxygen (O–O), and Calcium–Calcium central collisions, as well as in several centrality bins in Gold–Gold (Au–Au) collisions at 39 GeV by using the blast wave model with Tsallis statistics. The bulk properties in terms of kinetic freeze-out temperature, transverse flow velocity and kinetic freeze-out volume are extracted from the model by the least square method. We observed that with increasing the rest mass of the particle, the kinetic freeze-out temperature becomes larger, while transverse flow velocity and the kinetic freeze-out volume reduces. These parameters are also found to depend on the size of the system. Larger the size of the system, the larger they are. Furthermore, the kinetic freeze-out temperature in peripheral Au–Au collisions is close to the central O–O collisions. We also observed that the above parameters depend on the centrality, and they decrease from central to peripheral collisions. Besides, we also extracted the entropy-index parameter q, and the parameter 
which shows the multiplicity. Both of them depend on the size of interacting the system, rest mass of the particle and centrality. Both q and are larger for lighter particles, and the former is smaller for large systems while the latter is larger, and the former decrease with increasing centrality while the latter increase.
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