https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06119-0
Regular Article
Evaluation of kinetic freeze-out properties in different relativistic heavy-ion collision systems at 
GeV
1
School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, 442002, Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Mardan, Pakistan
3
Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
5
College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, PO Box 346, Ajman, UAE
a waqas_phy313@yahoo.com, 20220073@huat.edu.cn
Received:
2
January
2025
Accepted:
10
February
2025
Published online:
1
March
2025
We present our analysis of the identified hadrons (
, 
, and p) kinetic freeze-out properties in relativistic collisions at 
GeV. We analyze the transverse momentum spectra of these hadrons across various collision systems, such as copper–copper (
), zirconium–zirconium (
), ruthenium–ruthenium (
), uranium–uranium (
), and gold–gold (
) collisions, in distinct centrality intervals at the same center-of-mass energy using the modified Hagedorn model with embedded flow. The freeze-out parameters, namely the kinetic freeze-out temperature (
), transverse flow velocity (
), and the entropy-related parameter (n), are extracted. Taking and as common, it is observed that in all the above collisions, , , and the parameter n diminish toward the periphery and are greater in central collisions. However, in central collisions across all the systems remains unchanged, indicating a phase transition from hadronic matter to quark–gluon plasma. Furthermore, the temperature required for the phase transition across various systems is different. Large systems exhibit a shift in the potential start of the phase transition in peripheral collisions, which is intriguing. We also observe a direct relation between the extracted parameters and the system’s size.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
