https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05717-8
Regular Article
Exploring nuclear matter phase transition through 
spectra analysis using blast wave model with Tsallis statistics in proton–proton collisions
1
School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, 442002, Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Mardan, Pakistan
3
Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
4
Future University in Egypt (FUE), Fifth Settlement, End of 90th Street, 11835, New Cairo, Egypt
5
College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, PO Box 346, Ajman, UAE
Received:
8
January
2024
Accepted:
2
October
2024
Published online:
25
October
2024
The freeze-out parameters are extracted by analyzing the transverse momentum () spectra of 
and 
measured in proton–proton (pp) collisions at NA61/SHINE Collaboration using the blast wave model with Tsallis statistics (TBW) across various rapidity segments. We extracted the kinetic freeze-out temperature (
), transverse flow velocity (
), velocity flow profile, and the non-extensive parameter (q). We also calculated the initial temperature (
) of the emission source of the final state particles by the string percolation theory as well as the mean transverse momentum (
) of the produced particles. We have attempted to gain some insights into the expansion parameters of the system formed in the final state of the collision. We observed that the , , , and decrease from mid-rapidity toward forward rapidity region, while the flow profile parameter increases. We observed the kinetic freeze-out to be the reflection of the emission source of the final state particles and mean . along with the , mean and the increases from lower energies up to 8.8 GeV, and after that, they remain unchanged. However, the velocity flow profile has the opposite behavior with increasing energy up to 8.8 GeV. The increment in the temperatures from lower energies up to 8.8 GeV shows the increasing excitation degree of the interacting system with increasing energy, while 8.8 GeV energy is seen to be the energy where the system reaches a critical energy density and the phase transition is supposed to occur. Furthermore, the is related to the equation of states, and its saturation evinces toward the conformal equation of state.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
