https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05392-9
Regular Article
Enhanced natural convection and entropy generation in a porous crown cavity filled with copper nanoparticles under a horizontal magnetic field
1
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
2
School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, 246133, Anqing, People’s Republic of China
3
Department of Mathematics, Air University, Sector E-9, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
Received:
22
May
2024
Accepted:
24
June
2024
Published online:
11
July
2024
The primary objective of this research is to investigate the effect of Cu-water in natural convection heat transfer and entropy generation within porous crown cavity subjected to a uniform magnetic field. The left and right walls of the cavity are actively cooled with temperature 
, while the adiabatic boundary is applied to the upper wavy wall of the cavity and the inner snowy flake and lower wall are heated with a constant temperature 
. The Galerkin finite element method is employed to compute the governing equations for the considered system. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the impact of different thermophysical parameters on the system. These parameters include the Rayleigh number ranging from 
, the Hartmann number ranging from 
, and volume fractions of the nanoparticles 
. Additionally, properties associated with the porous layer were examined for porosity parameter ranging 
The analysis is performed by evaluating the average Nusselt number, which allows for a detailed examination of streamlines, isotherms, and entropy generation. The key findings indicate that increasing the Rayleigh number and the porosity of the medium leads to enhanced convective heat transfer by 3.2%. On the other hand, the increment of nanoparticles decreases the velocity profile by 17%. Moreover, an increase in the Hartmann number 
leads to a substantial decrease of 25% in the Nusselt number. The entropy generation increases with higher Rayleigh numbers and porosity of the medium, but decreases with increasing Hartmann numbers and concentration of nanoparticles.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
