https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05227-7
Regular Article
Initial and final state temperature of 
in Beam Energy Scan of Au–Au collisions at RHIC energies
1
School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, 442002, Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Mardan, Pakistan
3
Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Mathematics and Science, Ajman University, PO Box 346, Ajman, UAE
a waqas_phy313@yahoo.com, 20220073@huat.edu.cn
b
ajaz@awkum.edu.pk
Received:
23
January
2024
Accepted:
15
April
2024
Published online:
16
May
2024
To determine the center of mass energy at which ordinary matter undergoes a transition to hot and dense matter, we employed a combination of the blast wave model and Tsallis statistics. Specifically, we analyzed the transverse momentum spectra of resonance particles (in this case, ) produced in different centrality intervals during Au–Au collisions at various energies ranging from 
to 39 GeV. Our findings include the phase transition from hadronic matter to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), and a quick expansion of the system at higher energies and in more central collisions, and disclose the fact that the central collision system, as well as the systems with higher center of mass energies, are easy to be in equilibrium. Our observations indicate a phase transition occurring from ordinary hadronic matter to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) state in the final stages of collisions but not in the initial stages. Besides, we presented the correlation of 
with various parameters and reported the higher excitation degree of the fireball and its rapid expansion. Our results can provide further insights into the role of the fluctuations in thermal excitation and collective expansion.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
