https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06495-7
Review
Recent advances in photonic crystal-based encoder and decoder designs: a comprehensive review
1
Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dibrugarh University, 786004, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
2
Techno Main Salt-Lake, 700091, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Engineering, Central University of Karnataka, 585367, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
5
Technology Innovation and Development Foundation, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT, Guwahati), 781039, Guwahati, Assam, India
Received:
18
March
2025
Accepted:
24
May
2025
Published online:
16
June
2025
A thorough review of all-optical logic decoders and encoders based on photonic crystals that have been reported in the past ten years is provided in this article, which is divided into two categories. The reviewed works are mainly from the rods-in-air and holes-in-slab photonic crystal structures categories, as well as the operating principles of linear and nonlinear optics. PhC structures were chosen due to their strong light-matter interaction at the sub-wavelength scale and their exceptional control and guidance capabilities of optical data flow, both of which have been widely used to implement both decoder and encoder circuits. Every article group has undergone a thorough analysis, and the potential benefits and drawbacks of each are examined in terms of several performance metrics, including operation speed, response time, structural area, contrast ratio between output logic levels, etc. The review ends with an emphasis on future debates about the problems for more developments in this area utilizing various methodologies. Finally, in order to give future researchers in this field guidance, several viewpoints for further research have finally been explored.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
