https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-05994-x
Regular Article
Solitons, breathers, and rogue waves on photorefractive backgrounds: exact solutions and NLSE-NLSE transformations
1
Theoretical Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas, Limau Manis, 25163, Padang, Indonesia
2
Institute of Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP) Pauh Putra Campus, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
3
Department of Physics, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, 411038, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Received:
13
November
2024
Accepted:
8
January
2025
Published online:
24
January
2025
This paper presents an analytical technique and NLSE-NLSE transformations to discover new spatial soliton solutions, Akhmediev breather (AB) solutions, and first-order rogue waves in photorefractive media backgrounds. The study includes non-centrosymmetric and centrosymmetric photorefractive media, as well as media exhibiting both linear and quadratic electro-optic effects. Using the proposed technique, we discovered exact spatial soliton solutions that can be steered in all these media. Exact AB solutions for all three media types were derived using NLSE-NLSE transformations. We found that AB solutions exhibit a plane-wave profile when photorefractive nonlinearity is high and transform into Peregrine solitons (first-order rogue waves) when nonlinearity is low. By taking the limit of the electro-optic parameter to zero from the AB solutions, we derived analytical solutions for first-order rogue waves across all the media. The characteristics of spatial solitons, AB, and first-order rogue waves, as examined in each media background, show significant differences according to the intrinsic nature of each medium. The NLSE-NLSE transformation has proven to be a powerful and invertible tool, and, in addition to its application in the AB case, can also be widely used to recover spatial soliton and first-order rogue wave solutions found in this study.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
