https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05824-6
Regular Article
Everything is entangled in quantum mechanics: on the measures of quantum entanglement
1
Philosophy Institute Dr. A. Korn, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
2
Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies, Foundations of the Exact Sciences - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Bruxelles, Belgium
3
Institute of Engineering - National University Arturo Jauretche, Florencio Varela, Argentina
4
Philosophy Institute, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
5
Institute of Mathematical Investigations Luis A. Santaló, University of Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
6
CAECE University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Received:
9
August
2024
Accepted:
9
November
2024
Published online:
29
November
2024
Even though quantum entanglement is today’s most essential concept within the new technological era of quantum information processing, we do not only lack a consistent definition of this kernel notion, we are also far from understanding its physical meaning [1]. These failures have led to many problems when attempting to provide a consistent measure or quantification of entanglement. In fact, the two main lines of contemporary research within the orthodox literature have created mazes where inconsistencies and problems are found everywhere. While the operational-instrumentalist approach has failed to explain how inequalities are able to distinguish the classical from the quantum, the geometrical approach has failed to provide a consistent meaningful account of their entropic measure. Taking distance from orthodoxy, in this work, we address the quantification and measure of quantum entanglement by considering a recently presented objective-invariant definition in terms of the coding of intensive relations [2] which allows to escape the widespread relativist account of bases and factorizations [3, 4]. Going beyond the orthodox dualistic reference to “quantum particles” and “clicks” in detectors, we will argue that this new line of research is capable not only to evade the many open problems which appear within the mainstream literature, but is also able to present a consistent and coherent physical understanding of entanglement. The main conclusion of this work is that in quantum mechanics—contrary to what is generally presupposed—all operational expressions found within the laboratory are intrinsically entangled.
[Entanglement is] a trick that quantum magicians use to produce phenomena that cannot be imitated by classical magicians.
Asher Peres.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
