https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05234-8
Regular Article
Predator–prey dynamics pertaining to structuralizing predator species into three stages coupled with maturation delay owing to juvenile hunting
1
Department of Mathematics, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
2
Department of Mathematics, Assam Don Bosco University, Tepesia, Assam, India
Received:
2
February
2024
Accepted:
29
April
2024
Published online:
25
May
2024
The dynamic interplay implicating the prey and the predator species is investigated, whereby different stages are allocated to the predator individuals as per their characteristics. According to natural chronicles, the attribute of predation is existent in the immature predators allowing that they are inferior in proficiency in comparison to the adults. At the same time, this attribute of predation is not attained from the incipience of their existence. In consequence, we have branched off the immature stage as the infant stage and the juvenile stage; the infants are entirely sustained by the adults, while the juveniles themselves predate but does not procreate. Additionally, we contemplate the idea of juveniles getting injured whilst predating because of their inferiority, which ensues their maturation in being delayed. For examining the dominion of all these alterations, the scrutiny of the stability conditions as well as some bifurcation conditions around the equilibrium points are done. Along with transcritical, Hopf, and saddle-node bifurcations, the presence of other important bifurcation points such as Bogdanov–Takens point, Bautin bifurcation point, cusp point, twice occurring Hopf bifurcation, bi-stability phenomenon, and ‘bloom’ phenomenon indicate towards a more vivid and effectual paper. The importance of the further partition of the immature stage, which is the inclusion of infant stage, is accentuated by the investigation of the mathematical model in the presence and in the absence of the infant stage (extracted from the same model by eliminating environmental parameters and the equation associated with the infant stage) through graphical illustration.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
