https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04065-3
Regular Article
Dynamics of multiple solitons in helicoidal spin-orbit coupling Bose–Einstein condensates
1
Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
2
School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), 19395-5531, Tehran, Iran
Received:
22
November
2022
Accepted:
28
April
2023
Published online:
31
May
2023
In this paper, we focus on solitons with periodic evolution in the helicoidal spin-orbit coupling Bose–Einstein condensates (SOC-BEC) system. We use a gauge transformation to obtain solitons that coexist in two energy bands without the Zeeman effect. More stripes appear in the solitons as the SOC strength increases. The period oscillation of soliton evolution is because the solitons emerge from states in the different energy levels simultaneously. The influence of the Zeeman effect on the multi-hump solitons occupying two energy levels is numerically analyzed. We also discuss the collisions of the multi-hump solitons and give the conditions for elastic and inelastic collisions. Our study may shed light on an alternative way to detect the energy level differences for the SOC-BEC system.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
