https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04040-y
Regular Article
Tunneling probabilities for the birth of universes with radiation, cosmological constant and an ad hoc potential
1
Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
2
Departamento de Modelagem Computacional, Instituto Politécnico, , Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28625-570, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil
Received:
21
February
2023
Accepted:
27
April
2023
Published online:
9
May
2023
In this work we study the birth of Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) models with flat (
) and hyperbolic (
) spacelike sections. The material content of each models is composed of a radiation perfect fluid and a positive cosmological constant. The models also have an ad hoc potential which origin is believed to be of geometrical nature. In order to describe the birth of these universes, we quantize them using quantum cosmology. Initially, we obtain and solve the Wheeler–DeWitt equation using the WKB approximation. We notice that the presence of the ad hoc potential produces a barrier for any value of k. It means that, we may describe the birth of these universes through a tunneling mechanism, for any curvature of spacelike sections, not only for the usual case 
. We, explicitly, compute tunneling probabilities for the birth of different universes. Finally, we compare these tunneling probabilities.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
