Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2022) 137: 253
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02450-y

Regular Article

Investigating dark energy by electromagnetic frequency shifts

¹ Institut Denis Poisson (IDP) UMR 7013, Université d’Orléans (UO) et Université de Tours (UT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
² Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace (LPC2E) UMR 7328, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d’Orléans (UO) Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), 3A Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071, Orléans, France
³ UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Orléans (UO), Rue de Chartres, 45100, Orléans, France
⁴ Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers en région Centre (OSUC) UMS 3116, Université d’Orléans (UO), 1A rue de la Férollerie, 45071, Orléans, France
⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica E. Pancini, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 9 Edificio G, 80126, Napoli, Italy
⁶ Sezione di Napoli, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 9 Edificio G, 80126, Napoli, Italy
⁷ Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy

^a spallicci@cnrs-orleans.fr

Received: 30 January 2022
Accepted: 5 February 2022
Published online: 21 February 2022

Abstract

The observed red shift z might be composed by the expansion red shift $z_{\mathrm{C}}$ and an additional frequency shift $z_{\mathrm{S}}$, towards the red or the blue, by considering extended theories of electromagnetism (ETE). Indeed, massive photon theories—the photon has a real mass as in the de Broglie–Proca theory or an effective mass as in the standard-model extension, based on Lorentz–Poincaré symmetry violation (LSV)—or nonlinear electromagnetism theories may induce a cosmological expansion-independent frequency shift in the presence of background (inter-) galactic electromagnetic fields, and where of relevance LSV fields, even when both fields are constant. We have tested this prediction considering the Pantheon Catalogue, composed by 1048 SNe Ia, and 15 BAO data, for different cosmological models characterised by the absence of a cosmological constant. From the data, we compute which values of $z_{\mathrm{S}}$ match the observations, spanning cosmological parameters ($\mathrm{\Omega }$ densities and Hubble–Lemaître constant) domains. We conclude that the frequency shift $z_{\mathrm{S}}$ can support an alternative to accelerated expansion, naturally accommodating each SN Ia position in the distance modulus versus red shift diagram, due to the light-path dependency of $z_{\mathrm{S}}$. Finally, we briefly mention laboratory test approaches to investigate the additional shift from ETE predictions.