https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06460-4
Regular Article
Influence of quantum operators on quantum mutant strategies in noisy prisoner’s dilemma game
Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, 632014, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Received:
12
March
2025
Accepted:
21
May
2025
Published online:
9
June
2025
Recent studies on quantum systems focus on the concept of non-Markovian noise due to its dynamic nature. Unlike Markovian noise, non-Markovian noise is realistic, as the evolution of a quantum state depends on past events. This work investigates the effects of two-qubit entangling operators and noise on the quantum prisoner’s dilemma game when quantum strategies act as mutants. Cases in which both single-parametric and two-parametric quantum strategies emerge within a population as mutants are analysed. Notable observations include: In the absence of noise, a wide range of entangling operators favour mutant invasion. The invasion of quantum strategies remains independent of Markovian noise for the entangling operators DCNOT and B-gate. However, in the non-Markovian regime, these operators prevent invasion at higher levels of depolarizing noise. Further, for the entangling operator CNOT, a single-parametric quantum strategy cannot invade the population in the presence of Markovian random telegraph noise and depolarizing noise. These results emphasize the importance of special perfect entanglers (CNOT, DCNOT, and B-gate) and quantum noise to facilitate and prevent mutant invasion.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
