https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06379-w
Regular Article
Double Allee effects in a simple tri-trophic system exhibit positive correlation with coexistence and species biodiversity
1
Department of Mathematics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
2
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi, 110007, New Delhi, Delhi, India
3
Department of Mathematics, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, 110002, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Received:
23
January
2025
Accepted:
28
April
2025
Published online:
21
May
2025
The Allee effect is a well-known phenomenon that occurs in numerous populations when species densities are low. Many studies have focused on the Allee effect in prey populations, but there is limited research on the mechanism of Allee effects in predators. In multi-trophic systems, predators often experience low population densities due to insufficient food availability, which may lead to Allee effects more frequently in predators than in prey. In this study, a simple tri-trophic model consisting of bottom prey, middle predator and top predator is developed under three different scenarios: when the Allee effect is imposed only on the bottom prey, only on the top predator and simultaneously on both the bottom prey and top predator. The comparative studies are carried out for all the developed models, from which it is observed that the presence of a double Allee effect results in a larger stability domain within the three-species food chain model. This suggests that the double Allee effect has significant control over the coexistence and persistence of the tri-trophic model.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06379-w.
Copyright comment Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
