https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06363-4
Regular Article
Electron–hole pair production in graphene by two arbitrarily polarized electric fields with a time delay
1
State Key Laboratory for Tunnel Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 100083, Beijing, China
2
School of Science, China University of Mining and Technology, 100083, Beijing, China
a
zlli@cumtb.edu.cn
b
lyj@aphy.iphy.ac.cn
Received:
23
November
2024
Accepted:
24
April
2025
Published online:
29
May
2025
The momentum distributions of electron–hole (EH) pairs created in graphene by two arbitrarily polarized electric fields with a time delay are investigated using a massless quantum kinetic equation. The results are also compared with those obtained in electron–positron (EP) pair production from vacuum. For a single elliptically polarized electric field, the momentum distributions of created EH pairs are similar to those of EP pairs in the multi-photon absorption region. However, for two co-directional zero-frequency linearly polarized electric fields with a time delay, the momentum distributions exhibit ring patterns, which are absent in EP pair production. For two circularly polarized fields with identical or opposite handedness, the momentum distributions show Ramsey interference and spiral structures, respectively. In contrast with EP pair production, the spiral structures are largely unaffected by the number of oscillation cycles in electric field pulses. For two elliptically polarized fields with the same- or opposite-sign ellipticity, the momentum distributions are less sensitive to ellipticity compared to EP pair production. These findings provide us with a novel way to observe the analogy of significant signatures of EP pairs created from vacuum by designing an experiment of EH pair production in graphene.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.