https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06103-8
Regular Article
Analysing Soret, Dufour, and activation energy effects on heat and mass transfer thin film flow of an MHD Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid over a non-Darcy porous stretching surface
Department of Mathematics, S. V. National Institute of Technology, 395007, Surat, Gujarat, India
Received:
11
November
2024
Accepted:
8
February
2025
Published online:
1
March
2025
This study investigates the heat and mass transfer characteristics in the thin film flow of a radiative MHD Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) over an unsteady permeable stretching surface. This study examines the combined effects of Soret and Dufour diffusion, activation energy, and non-uniform heat absorption or generation on fluid dynamics within a non-Darcy porous medium at the surface. The THNF consists of Cu, 
, and 
nanoparticles suspended in an ethylene glycol–water base fluid, chosen for its superior thermal conductivity, and enhanced heat transfer characteristics. The problem’s governing equations (PDEs) are transformed into a system of nonlinear ODEs using similarity transformations and solved using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The impacts of essential physical parameters on fluid velocity and temperature, nanoparticle concentration, skin friction coefficient, and heat and mass transfer rates are illustrated graphically and numerically. The heat transfer rate decreases with higher Dufour number values and increases with lower Soret number values. Conversely, the opposite behaviour is observed for mass transfer. Furthermore, a comparison investigation indicates that the THNF demonstrates markedly superior heat and mass transfer rates compared to binary hybrid and mono nanofluids.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
