https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06020-w
Regular Article
Anisotropy of micro-evolution and spall behavior of free-cutting steel containing bismuth under shock loading
1
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, 710055, Xi’an, China
2
Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Wear-Resistant Materials, 710055, Xi’an, China
Received:
4
June
2024
Accepted:
13
January
2025
Published online:
13
February
2025
Based on non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation, the effect of Bi in free-cutting steel containing bismuth on the overall mechanical properties of steel under high pressure was studied by piston shock method. Considering the complexity of real crystals, four different crystal orientations were selected. The results show that the peak impact stress in the Bi-containing model is the same as that in the perfect single-crystal Fe, but its strength is significantly lower than that of the perfect single crystal. Under shockwave loading, the (001) orientation exhibits a single-wave structure, while the (110), (111), and (112) orientations exhibit multi-wave structures. Analysis shows that elastic waves are reflected at the surface of the Bi particles, and the resulting shear stress activates the {112} <111> slip system around the Bi particles, leading to premature phase changes. During the fracture failure phase, the strength of the (001) crystal orientation is the highest. Regardless of the crystal orientation, cavities and defects always preferentially form inside the Bi particles. This study provides important insights for exploring the performance of Bi-containing free-cutting steel under extreme conditions and has significant implications for related production practices.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
