https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05830-8
Regular Article
The design and technology development of the JUNO central detector
1
Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
2
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
3
Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
4
Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
5
Millennium Institute for SubAtomic Physics at the High-energy Frontier (SAPHIR), Anid, Chile
6
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
7
Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, Beijing, China
8
Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
9
China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
10
Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China
11
North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
12
School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
13
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
14
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
15
Jilin University, Changchun, China
16
College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
17
Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
18
Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
19
Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
20
Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
21
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
22
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
23
The Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry Group in University of South China, Hengyang, China
24
Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
25
Shandong University, Jinan, China, and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
26
Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
27
Guangxi University, Nanning, China
28
East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
29
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
30
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
31
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
32
Nankai University, Tianjin, China
33
Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
34
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
35
Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
36
School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
37
Institute of Physics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
38
National United University, Miao-Li, Taiwan
39
Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
40
Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
41
University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics, Jyvaskyla, Finland
42
IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay, France
43
Université of Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2i, UMR 5797, 33170, Gradignan, France
44
IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3, 67037, Strasbourg, France
45
Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Marseille, France
46
SUBATECH, Université de Nantes, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
47
III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
48
Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
49
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Physics Institute IKP-2, Jülich, Germany
50
Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
51
Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
52
Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
53
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Physikalisches Institut, Tübingen, Germany
54
INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
55
Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara and INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
56
INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
57
INFN Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
58
INFN Milano Bicocca and Politecnico of Milano, Milan, Italy
59
INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
60
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università di Padova and INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
61
INFN Sezione di Perugia and Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie dell’Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
62
Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN, Rome, Italy
63
University of Roma Tre and INFN Sezione Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
64
Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, Riga, Latvia
65
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
66
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
67
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
68
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
69
Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovakia
70
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
71
National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Chiang Mai, Thailand
72
Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
73
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
74
Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, ISPRA, Rome, Italy
75
Gravity Exploration Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
a
hengyk@ihep.ac.cn
b
maxy@ihep.ac.cn
Received:
5
July
2024
Accepted:
11
November
2024
Published online:
26
December
2024
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large-scale neutrino experiment with multiple physics goals including determining the neutrino mass hierarchy, the accurate measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters, the neutrino detection from supernovae, the Sun, and the Earth, etc. JUNO puts forward physically and technologically stringent requirements for its central detector (CD), including a large volume and target mass (20 kt liquid scintillator, LS), a high-energy resolution (3% at 1 MeV), a high light transmittance, the largest possible photomultiplier (PMT) coverage, the lowest possible radioactive background, etc. The CD design, using a spherical acrylic vessel with a diameter of 35.4 m to contain the LS and a stainless steel structure to support the acrylic vessel and PMTs, was chosen and optimized. The acrylic vessel and the stainless steel structure will be immersed in pure water to shield the radioactive background and bear great buoyancy. The challenging requirements of the acrylic sphere have been achieved, such as a low intrinsic radioactivity and high transmittance of the manufactured acrylic panels, the tensile and compressive acrylic node design with embedded stainless steel pad, and one-time polymerization for multiple bonding lines. Moreover, several technical challenges of the stainless steel structure have been solved: the production of low radioactivity stainless steel material, the deformation and precision control during production and assembly, and the usage of high-strength stainless steel rivet bolt and of high friction efficient linkage plate. Finally, the design of the ancillary equipment such as the LS filling, overflowing, and circulating system was done.
© The Author(s) 2024
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