https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04787-4
Regular Article
Schooling behavior in a generalist predator–prey system: exploring fear, refuge and cooperative strategies in a stochastic environment
Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Indian Institute of Information Technology, 813210, Bhagalpur, India
Received:
11
September
2023
Accepted:
11
December
2023
Published online:
7
January
2024
Our research investigates the dynamic interactions within a predator–prey system, considering factors like fear, carry-over effects, refuge use, and cooperative hunting. We utilize Cosner’s functional response, which has not received much attention in existing literature. We examine equilibrium points, their existence, and stability, exploring complex phenomena like bistability and various bifurcation scenarios (e.g., Hopf, transcritical, saddle-node). Our analysis indicates that enhancing supplementary food resources for predators and promoting collaborative hunting efforts can bolster the sustainability of predator species. Conversely, lowering the expenses linked to fear-induced limitations on prey growth and the inclination of prey to seek refuge might result in a higher concentration of predators within the ecosystem. Moreover, our study analyzes how environmental white noise affects system dynamics, introducing stochastic elements. We investigate noise-driven transitions between equilibria in the bistable region. Using stochastic sensitivity functions, we further study stochastic aspects, constructing confidence ellipses and estimating noise intensity thresholds for state transitions.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
