https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04692-w
Regular Article
Black hole lensing in Kerr-de Sitter spacetimes
1
PPGCosmo, CCE, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 540, CEP 29.075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
2
Núcleo Cosmo-ufes and Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 540, CEP 29.075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
3
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe sh. 31, 115409, Moscow, Russia
4
Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35.400-000, Ouro Preto, Brazil
a
eunice.m.omwoyo@aims-senegal.org
Received:
9
June
2023
Accepted:
13
November
2023
Published online:
26
November
2023
We have derived analytical solutions using Jacobi elliptic functions for bound and nearly bound photon orbits in Kerr-de Sitter and Kerr-de Sitter revisited spacetimes. Leveraging our obtained solutions, we have conducted an analytic ray-tracing in both spacetimes. We have obtained direct images, lensing rings and photon rings for equatorial disks considering inclined locally static observers. Images corresponding to 
exhibit a significantly closer resemblance to the critical curve as compared to the 
image. This highlights the remarkable potential of these higher-order images as robust testing grounds for general relativity. Furthermore in both spacetimes, we have obtained analytical solutions for the critical parameters governing the structure of the photon ring and analyzed these parameters in details.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
