Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2022) 137: 137
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02366-7

Regular Article

Thermal management of carbon-based dental laminate via additives carbon nanotube and hydroxyapatite in a vessel micro-flow based on the numerical/empirical data

¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
² K. A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
³ Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
⁴ Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
⁵ Dipartimento di Ingegneria Astronautica, Elettrica ed Energetica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
⁶ Civil Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

^c arashkarimipour@gmail.com

Received: 12 October 2021
Accepted: 9 January 2022
Published online: 19 January 2022

Abstract

Microfluidics points to the manner of fluids at micro- and nano-scales levels. This research aims to find the heat transfer rate of hydroxyapatite bio-ceramic and its composite (HA/carbon nanotube) to find the optimized volume fraction for the human blood plasma through the vessel micro-flow. It can also be used in the teeth reach extreme temperatures, causing the tooth thermal pain. To find the answer, the body condition through time was considered. Thus, simulated body fluid, which acts as an adhesive to bond artificial materials to living bones, was chosen as the solution close to mouth-environment. Hydroxyapatite is a ceramic-based material which has bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, carbon nanotube, which is a carbon-based material, has high tensile strength and stiffness, that could likely be utilized to reinforce hydroxyapatite. The results showed that heat transfer rate for hydroxyapatite bio-ceramic dispersed in simulated body fluid solution in 1, 14 and 28 days, decreased − 14.8785%, − 15.4279% and − 17.4450%, respectively; thus, time effect was 2.5965%. Also, heat transfer rate for HA/carbon nanotube dispersed in simulated body fluid solution in 1, 14 and 28 days enhanced 25.1189%, 25.6410% and 25.7923%, respectively; thus, time effect was 0.6734%. This study proved that time can affect the heat transfer rate in simulated body fluid solution.