https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00249-3
Regular Article
Holographic principle and the second law in Stephani cosmology revisited
1
Center for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Road, Yangzhou, 225002, Jiangsu Province, China
2
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
* e-mail: danielegregoris@libero.it
Received:
13
June
2019
Accepted:
28
January
2020
Published online:
13
February
2020
We show in a model-independent way that the inhomogeneous cosmological class II Stephani model fulfills both the cosmological holographic principle and that the entropy is increasing with time. By this we mean the result does not depend on any assumption on the time evolution of the scale factor, or on the matter content of the Universe, we also do not need to use the numerical values of the cosmological parameters, which are inferred in the framework of the usual homogeneous Friedmann model. Therefore our analysis is not affected by the tension of the current estimates of the Hubble parameter, and does not rely on any model-dependent assumption of the entropy amount at the present epoch. Our analysis allows us to set an upper limit for the inhomogeneity parameter of the model, an upper bound for the size that this type of universe can reach during the time evolution, a lower bound for the entropy abundance, and an estimate of the present-day value of the deceleration parameter.
© Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature, 2020
