Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2019) 134: 224
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2019-12747-2

Regular Article

The National Museum of Colombia’s “Francisco Pizarro’s Banner of Arms”: A multianalytical approach to help uncovering its history

¹ HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
² Chemistry Department, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal

^* e-mail: schiavon@uevora.pt

Received: 8 July 2018
Accepted: 27 February 2019
Published online: 24 May 2019

Abstract

The authenticity and provenience of what is known as the Francisco Pizarro’s Banner of Arms, stored at the National Museum of Colombia and related to the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, has been the object of debate amongst both historians and conservation experts for the last two centuries. In this study, a multi-analytical approach has been adopted to assess if the materials used in the making of the banner were compatible with the historical period assigned by historians. 25 micro samples were collected in different sections of the banner and subjected to microscopic, chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to characterize the materials. Selected samples were also subjected to radiocarbon dating analysis. Analytical results enabled the identification of silk as the main fabric used in the making of the banner; cochineal, brazilwood and indigo were used as natural dyes while metal threads were utilized for decorative purposes. Paper with animal adhesive was used as the supporting material. The manufacturing technique together with radiocarbon dating data suggest the banner to be an original textile from the 15-16th centuries, possibly made at the time of King Charles I of Spain.