https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-026-07841-z
Regular Article
Electric charge effects on complexity and weyl stresses in radiating gravitational collapse
1
IT4Innovations, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
2
Center for Theoretical Physics, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Str., AZ1096, Baku, Azerbaijan
3
University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
4
Department of Physics, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Türkiye
a
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Received:
24
April
2026
Accepted:
13
May
2026
Published online:
29
May
2026
Abstract
This work focuses on the influence of electric charge on complexity and Weyl stresses during the gravitational collapse of a charged radiating sphere. The boundary conditions necessary for the smooth matching of a charged spherically symmetric spacetime to the exterior Vaidya-Reissner-Nordström geometry are imposed at the boundary. These conditions lead to a temporal evolution condition that governs the boundary surface of the collapsing stellar object. We provide the first detailed investigation of how charge affects the complexity factor and its underlying components in a radiating stellar system. The results show that during the early stages of evolution, when the system departs from the state of equilibrium, the behavior of the complexity factor at both the center and the boundary remains identical for charged and uncharged configurations. In the late-time regime, the complexity exhibits a pronounced divergence between charge-free and charged configurations, while the charge-free case becomes dominant. The investigation of the Weyl stresses establishes a clear correspondence between non-zero components of the Weyl tensor and the fundamental contributors to complexity, including anisotropy, density inhomogeneity, charge, and heat dissipative effects. This is the first study to demonstrate the effects of charge on a self-gravitating system during dissipative collapse under Weyl stresses and complexity.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
