https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-026-07812-4
Regular Article
Thermal and spatial confinement effects in Podolsky electrodynamics
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brasil
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Received:
4
December
2025
Accepted:
11
May
2026
Published online:
23
May
2026
Abstract
In this work, Podolsky theory, a second-order, Lorentz- and gauge invariant extension of classical electrodynamics, is considered. The effects of Podolsky’s modification on fundamental phenomena such as the Stefan–Boltzmann law and the Casimir effect for the electromagnetic field are investigated. The Thermo Field Dynamics (TFD) formalism is employed to describe quantum fields at finite temperature and under spatial confinement through its topological structure.
© The Author(s) 2026
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