Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2026) 141: 438
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-026-07681-x

Regular Article

Thermal fluctuations and accretion disk of a non-commutative AdS black hole with a global monopole

¹ Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore-Campus, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
² Department of Mathematics, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, 54770, Lahore, Pakistan

^a This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 18 December 2025
Accepted: 10 April 2026
Published online: 19 April 2026

Abstract

In the present work, we have investigated thermodynamics and shadow images obtained by infalling spherical accretion flow of non-commutative (NC) Anti-de Sitter (AdS) black hole (BH) with global monopole. The relation between temperature $T_{+}$ and the event horizon $r_{+}$ interprets that it reaches the highest point for larger radii of BH event horizon $r_{+}$ when $P<P_c$ (where P is thermodynamical pressure and $P_c$ is the critical pressure). From the analysis of heat capacity $C_P$, we find that the smaller and larger BHs are showing stable thermal fluctuations, while intermediate BHs depict unstable behavior. We discussed the Gibbs free energy, which indicates that the larger BHs are more thermodynamically stable as compared to smaller ones. We also derive the exact values of critical points and probe the influence of each parameter on $P-V$ criticality and observe that the isotherms and slightly consistent with Van der Walls like fluid. Finally, we discussed the optical features of BH shadow images as well as intensities for different values of involved parameters. It is observed that both the size of the BH shadow and the observed intensities change significantly with variations in $\theta$ and $\eta$.