Measurements of efficiency, timing and response to irradiation for direct detection of charged particles with SiPMs

B. Sabiu; F. Carnesecchi; B. R. Achari; N. Agrawal; A. Alici; P. Antonioli; S. Arcelli; C. Baldanza; F. Bellini; S. Bufalino; D. Cavazza; L. Cifarelli; G. Clai; M. Colocci; S. Durando; F. Ercolessi; G. Fabbri; D. Falchieri; C. Ferrero; A. Ficorella; U. Follo; M. Garbini; S. Geminiani; G. Gioachin; A. Gola; D. Hatzifotiadou; A. Khuntia; I. Lax; M. Maestrelli; A. Margotti; G. Malfattore; R. Nania; F. Noferini; L. Parellada-Monreal; M. Penna; O. Pinazza; R. Preghenella; M. Razza; R. Ricci; L. Rignanese; A. Rivetti; G. Romanenko; N. Rubini; E. Rovati; E. Scapparone; G. Scioli; S. Strazzi; S. Tomassini; C. Veri; A. Zichichi

doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-026-07578-9

2024 Impact factor 2.9

EPJ PLUS - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2026) 141: 430
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-026-07578-9

Regular Article

Measurements of efficiency, timing and response to irradiation for direct detection of charged particles with SiPMs

B. Sabiu¹^,3^a, F. Carnesecchi¹^,2^b, B. R. Achari¹^,3, N. Agrawal¹^,3, A. Alici¹^,3, P. Antonioli¹, S. Arcelli¹^,3, C. Baldanza¹, F. Bellini¹^,3, S. Bufalino⁴^,6, D. Cavazza¹, L. Cifarelli¹^,3, G. Clai¹^,8, M. Colocci¹^,3, S. Durando⁴^,6, F. Ercolessi¹^,3, G. Fabbri¹^,3, D. Falchieri¹, C. Ferrero⁶, A. Ficorella⁵, U. Follo⁴^,6, M. Garbini¹^,2, S. Geminiani¹^,3, G. Gioachin⁹, A. Gola⁵, D. Hatzifotiadou¹, A. Khuntia¹, I. Lax¹, M. Maestrelli³, A. Margotti¹, G. Malfattore¹^,3, R. Nania¹, F. Noferini¹, L. Parellada-Monreal⁵, M. Penna⁵, O. Pinazza¹, R. Preghenella¹, M. Razza¹^,3, R. Ricci¹, L. Rignanese¹, A. Rivetti⁴^,6, G. Romanenko¹^,3, N. Rubini¹^,3, E. Rovati¹^,3, E. Scapparone¹, G. Scioli¹^,3, S. Strazzi¹^,3, S. Tomassini¹^,3, C. Veri⁷ and A. Zichichi¹^,3

¹ Sezione di Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
² Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi Enrico Fermi, Via Panisperna 89 A, 10129, Roma, Italy
³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “A. Righi”, University of Bologna, viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
⁴ Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni (DET), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
⁵ Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive, 18, 38123, Povo, Italy
⁶ Sezione di Torino, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Pietro Giuria, 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
⁷ Sezione di Lecce, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Provinciale per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy
⁸ Sede di Bologna, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Via dei Mille 21, 40121, Bologna, Italy
⁹ Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Torino, Italy

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Received: 13 November 2025
Accepted: 14 March 2026
Published online: 17 April 2026

Abstract

In this paper, the efficiency of direct charged particle detection with different silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) sensors has been measured to be close to 100%. A time resolution of about 20 ps has also been confirmed for sensors with an active area of about 3 $\times$ $Mathematical equation: $$\times$$$ 3 ${mm}^{2}$ $Mathematical equation: $$\hbox {mm}^{\text {2}}$$$ and a single-cell pitch of area of 40 $\times$ $Mathematical equation: $$\times$$$ 40 µ $m^{2}$ $Mathematical equation: $$\hbox {m}^{\text {2}}$$$ . In addition, the SiPM performance after irradiation, in terms of timing response and dark count rate, has been evaluated for sensors with a 1 $\times$ $Mathematical equation: $$\times$$$ 1 ${mm}^{2}$ $Mathematical equation: $$\hbox {mm}^{\text {2}}$$$ area, demonstrating that SiPMs can maintain excellent timing capabilities and a low dark count rate when an appropriate threshold is applied to the signal.

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Measurements of efficiency, timing and response to irradiation for direct detection of charged particles with SiPMs

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