https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-026-07388-z
Regular Article
Investigating the synergistic cooling performance of hybrid nanofluids and Piranha pin fins for lithium-ion batteries through numerical analysis
1
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
2
College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
3
Advanced Technical College, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq
4
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, 42351, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Pathological Analyzes, Al Manara College for Medical Sciences, Maysan, Iraq
6
Independent Researcher, Mechanical Engineering, Doha, Qatar
7
College of Engineering , Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najran University, King Abdulaziz Road, P.O Box 1988, Najran, Saudi Arabia
8
Deanship of Scientific Research, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
a
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Received:
22
July
2025
Accepted:
1
February
2026
Published online:
13
February
2026
Abstract
Effective thermal management systems are indispensable for ensuring the efficiency, safety, and longevity of high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), which are increasingly crucial for energy storage and electric vehicles. This study numerically explores the cooling capabilities of LiBs by introducing a novel approach that combines Piranha pin fins with a hybrid nanofluid as the cooling solution. The Piranha pin fins are designed to enhance heat dissipation by expanding surface area and inducing turbulence in the coolant flow, while the hybrid nanofluid, composed of nanoparticles suspended in a base fluid, boosts thermal conductivity. This research is structured into two main parts: The first evaluates the impact of hybrid nanofluid type, and the second assesses the effect of hybrid nanofluid volume concentration on cooling performance. In the initial section, three hybrid nanofluids, Water/MOS2-CuO, Water/MgO-TiO2, and Water/Ag-HEG, were examined at a consistent volume concentration of φ1 = φ2 = 0.3%. The numerical outcomes from this part were compared against a baseline case of pure water without any pin fins. Findings revealed that the Water/MOS2-CuO hybrid nanofluid achieved the highest performance according to the evaluation criteria. Consequently, this working fluid was selected for the second section, where three volume concentrations (φ1 = φ2 = 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) were used for the numerical analysis. The results from the second section indicated that the highest performance evaluation criteria were associated with the case at φ1 = φ2 = 0.5%.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
