https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-07245-5
Regular Article
Heat transfer enhancement of MWCNT-Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluid in cooling chamber equipped with four heat pipes
1
School of Engineering, Damghan University, P.O. Box: 3671641167, Damghan, Iran
2
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, 200072, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
a
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Received:
7
March
2025
Accepted:
20
December
2025
Published online:
24
January
2026
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the natural convection heat transfer enhancement capabilities of hybrid nanofluids in curved cooling chambers equipped with four heat pipes. The research focuses on examining the effects of the Rayleigh number (Ra), nanoparticle volume fraction (ϕ), and different heat pipes arrangements on heat transfer characteristics. The findings reveal that increasing the Rayleigh number significantly enhances convective heat transfer, leading to a more uniform temperature distribution within the chamber. Higher Ra values promote vigorous fluid motion, improving heat dissipation and reducing thermal gradients. Introducing nanoparticles into the base fluid increases thermal conductivity, enhancing heat transfer performance. A higher nanoparticle volume fraction is particularly effective in boosting the overall heat transfer rate, indicating potential for optimizing fluid composition for improved thermal management. Among the 14 heat pipe arrangements analyzed, specific configurations demonstrate superior thermal management by maximizing contact area between heat pipes and the cooling chamber, the Case 1 and Case 6 consistently providing high heat transfer performance. The combined effect of optimized heat pipe arrangement and hybrid nanofluids results in a synergistic enhancement of heat transfer capabilities, offering improved thermal conductivity and more effective utilization of chamber space, thus providing advanced solutions for thermal management applications.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
