https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-07122-1
Regular Article
Modeling the age structure of plants to see the effects on the atmospheric carbon dioxide
1
Department of Mathematics, University of Allahabad, 211002, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Faculty of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Institute of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva Road, 225003, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Received:
10
July
2025
Accepted:
26
November
2025
Published online:
7
December
2025
Abstract
Age structure of trees or plants is a crucial phenomenon because in a forest stand, the capture and storage of carbon dioxide 
depend on their age and number. This study presents a nonlinear mathematical model to explore the consequences of the capacity of plants/trees to absorb atmospheric 
. For the formulation of model, we divide the whole plant population into four groups, namely: small plants (like, herbs and shrubs), early age tree (sapling), middle age tree (mature) and old age tree. To analyze the qualitative behavior of model, we focused on to investigate the region of attraction and permanence of solutions, and carried out the conditions to ensure the existence of all equilibria and their stabilities. Also, it is noticed that for a sudden depletion rate exceeding a critical threshold of small plants may trigger a transcritical bifurcation resulting the disappearance of small plants. To corroborate the analytical results of our mathematical model, numerical simulations are conducted. Effects of crucial parameters are compared for each category of plants/trees to absorb which depict the importance of categorization.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
