Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2025) 140: 1211
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-07113-2

Regular Article

Predictions for identified hadron (${\pi }^{\pm }$, $K^{\pm }$ and $p(\overline{p})$) production and collective dynamics in oxygen–oxygen collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathit{NN}}}$= 7 TeV with EPOS4, AMPT-SM, and Angantyr in Pythia 8

¹ Department of Physics, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
² Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, 666 W. Hancock, 48201, Detroit, Michigan, USA

^a This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 31 July 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
Published online: 16 December 2025

Abstract

We study the dynamics of identified hadrons (${\pi }^{\pm }$, $K^{\pm }$ and $p(\overline{p})$) production in $\mathrm{O}+O$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=7$ TeV using recently updated version of EPOS4, string melting version of A Multi-Phase Transport Model (AMPT-SM) and Angantyr model, incorporated within Pythia 8. We examine the interplay between different mechanisms implemented in these models. Predictions for charged particle multiplicity ($\text{d}{N}_{\text{ch}}/\text{d}\eta$), transverse momentum ($p_{\text{T}}$) spectra of identified hadrons, particle yield (dN/dy) and mean transverse mass ($⟨m_T⟩$) are presented. To probe the collective behavior of the produced particles, the $p_{\text{T}}$-differential kaon-to-pion and proton-to-pion ratios are studied. While AMPT incorporates some flow effects, EPOS4’s implementation of full hydrodynamic flow proves significantly more effective. In contrast, the flow effects in Pythia 8 are substantially weaker compared to the other models. The upcoming $\mathrm{O}+O$ data from the LHC will help constrain the parameters of these models.