https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-07093-3
Regular Article
Computational assessment of entropy generation interaction for gravity-driven Darcy–Forchheimer Casson nanomaterial over a spinning sphere
1
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
2
Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box741, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Mathematics, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, 602105, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
5
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
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Received:
5
August
2024
Accepted:
19
November
2025
Published online:
1
December
2025
A wide range of thermal transfer applications from an engineering perspective is greatly beneficial from the thermos-physical characteristics of tri-hybrid nanofluid because the heat transport mainly depends on the thermal conductivity and volume concentrations of nanoparticles. The main focus of the analysis is to discuss the mixed convective stagnation point flow with entropy generation investigation on a Casson tri-hybrid nanofluid caused by a spinning sphere with variable fluid properties numerically. Further, the impact of cross diffusion, heat source, and thermal radiation with convective boundary conditions are taken into consideration in the existing work. In this work, a tri-hybrid nano liquid is formed by suspensions of three dissimilar nanoparticles, such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and graphene oxide (GO) with base fluid kerosene oil. The mathematical formulation of the flow model is assembled in the form of partial differential equations (PDEs) and altered into the system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using transformation. The MATLAB bvp4c solver is employed to solve the transformed equations numerically. The graphical changes of various emerging parameters are visualized and discussed thoroughly. It is seen from the graphs that stronger values of the variable viscosity parameter decline the linear velocity of the fluid. In contrast, it shows the reverse trend in the case of angular velocity. Moreover, depreciation in the entropy generation is noted for greater values of magnetic parameter because growing values of magnetic parameter produce the stronger resistance force in the momentum of fluid, as a result, the stronger heat transfer rate produced inside the boundary layer.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
