https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-07059-5
Regular Article
The Proton Gluon Distribution from the Color Dipole Picture
1
Department of Physics, Razi University, 67149, Kermanshah, Iran
2
Center for Liberal Arts, Meijigakuin University, Yokohama, Japan
3
Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany
Received:
12
May
2025
Accepted:
10
November
2025
Published online:
28
November
2025
Using the analytic expression for the structure functions 
and 
of deep inelastic electron-proton scattering (DIS) derived from the color dipole picture (CDP), we can determine the gluon distribution of the proton at small Bjorken x. When the momentum transfer 
is sufficiently large, the extracted gluon distribution satisfies the standard evolution equation for the proton structure function. However, at low , such as for 
, the gluon distribution functions shows a deviation from perturbative QCD (pQCD), indicating presence of non-perturbative, hadron-like contributions to DIS. The necessary modification is derived analytically as a result of the smooth transition in the CDP to the hadron-like interaction of the photon at low values.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
