https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-07040-2
Regular Article
Gravitational lensing by a Lorentz-violating black hole
1
Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Caixa Postal 5008, 58051-970, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
2
Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Caixa Postal 10071, 58429-900, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
3
Center for Theoretical Physics, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Street, AZ-1096, Baku, Azerbaijan
a
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Received:
15
April
2024
Accepted:
6
November
2025
Published online:
20
November
2025
Abstract
In this work, we study the gravitational lensing by a Lorentz-violating (LV) black hole in metric-affine bumblebee gravity in the framework of the Standard Model Extension, inspired by the recent contribution (Araújo Filho et al. in Phys Rev D 108(8):085010, 2023). Explicitly, we concentrate on a specific application: We perform the computation of gravitational lensing effects under the strong field limit. In particular, we analytically derive the deflection angle so that the lens equation can also be addressed. This methodological approach yields physically measurable outcomes, including the determination of relativistic image positions and their corresponding magnifications. As an application of this methodology, we consider the gravitational lensing by Sagittarius A
and obtain the corresponding observables expressed as functions of the LV parameter.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
