https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06906-9
Regular Article
Colloidal and water-leachable dust fractions in atmospheric deposition at the Taj Mahal: implications for conservation science and sustainable heritage management
1
Archaeological Survey of India, C.G.O. Complex, Salt Lake Sector 1, 70064, Kolkata, India
2
Department of Tourism Administration, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, 431004, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
a
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Received:
23
May
2025
Accepted:
26
September
2025
Published online:
22
October
2025
Abstract
The Taj Mahal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is increasingly threatened by atmospheric deposition of colloidal and fine particulates. This study investigates the colloidal and water-leachable fractions of dust deposition, integrating Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscopy (OM), atomic-absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to characterize the interactions among mineral nanoparticles, bioaerosols, and anthropogenic pollutants. The findings reveal a complex interplay between mineral dust, biological aerosols, and anthropogenic emissions that influence surface weathering processes. FTIR analysis identifies nanoparticulate hematite (Fe2O3), porous silica, and microbial signatures, indicating potential biofilm formation and microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Optical microscopy confirms the entanglement of bacterial filaments, fungal spores, and microplastics with mineral grains, highlighting biogenic adhesion and particle aggregation. AAS demonstrates substantial contributions from calcareous soil dust, aluminosilicate phases, and trace metals (Ni, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in the acid-extractable (pseudo-total) fraction, reflecting both natural and anthropogenic sources. SEM reveals a heterogeneous matrix of clays and iron oxides with a porous microstructure that enhances particulate retention. Collectively, these results underscore the critical role of colloidal and leachable dust fractions in accelerating monument deterioration and highlight the urgent need for targeted mitigation strategies. Integrating advanced spectroscopic techniques with real-time environmental monitoring is essential for assessing long-term impacts and guiding sustainable conservation of cultural heritage sites.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
