https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06901-0
Regular Article
Cerium-modified BiPO4 as a promising electrode material for hybrid supercapacitors
1
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
3
Department of Physics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
4
Wet Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
5
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
6
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Received:
17
July
2025
Accepted:
24
September
2025
Published online:
8
October
2025
In this research work, the electrochemical response of BiPO4 was optimized by varying the Ce concentration to 1, 2, and 3%. The XRD analysis confirmed the monoclinic structure of the prepared BiPO4 nanoparticles with space group P21/a and P21/m. EDX studies indicated the presence of Ce with different concentrations in the doped BiPO4. The electrochemical investigations showed that Ce (3%)-doped BiPO4 exhibited the best electrochemical properties with a 784.2 F/g of specific capacitance at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. The charge storage nature presented hybrid behavior of the electrode material with b = 0.7, with 74% capacitive and 26% diffusive contributions. The prototype device based on a two-electrode setup presented a maximum energy density of 24.11 Wh/kg at 1 A/g and 4900 W/kg of power density at 7 A/g, with a 79.43% capacity retention for 1000 GCD cycles. The XPS analysis revealed the occurrence of multiple oxidation states of Ce (Ce3+ and Ce4+) and Bi (Bi3+ and Bi5+), responsible for enhanced electrochemical response of Ce-doped BiPO4 nanomaterials for hybrid supercapacitors. The 3% cerium-doped BiPO4 showed enhanced conductivity and facilitated electrochemical redox reactions, indicating its potential for energy storage applications.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06901-0.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
