https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06765-4
Regular Article
Investigation of presence of multifractality in UrQMD simulated pp collisions at 
Department of Physics, New Alipore College, L Block, New Alipore, 700053, Kolkata, India
Received:
27
May
2025
Accepted:
16
August
2025
Published online:
6
September
2025
This paper explores the presence of multifractality in charged particle production during proton–proton (pp) collisions at 
using the Takagi moment method within the framework of the UrQMD model. For comparison multifractal analysis of the UrQMD simulated pp collisions at 
has also been performed. The results reveal that the anomalous fractal dimensions obtained in this study increase with the order of multifractal moments, indicating the existence of multifractality in charged particle production in UrQMD simulated pp collisions at both the collision energies. The result of the current analysis has been compared with the experimental analysis of pp collision data at 400 GeV/c by Takagi moment method, study of fractality by the factorial moment method in PYTHIA Monash (default) simulated data of high multiplicity (Nch > 60) proton–proton collisions at in pseudo-rapidity space and with the analysis of fractality using G moment method by CMS collaboration in pp collisions at 
. Signal of multifractality is observed by these three different groups in pp collisions at different collision energies by three different methods. The present analysis clearly demonstrates significant energy dependence in the multifractal behaviour. Investigation on multifractal specific heat has also been performed in detail.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
